| Bio-oil | CoMo/Al2O3 | NiMo/Al2O3 | NiFe/zeolite Y | NiFe/HBeta | NiFe/ZSM-5 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature (°C) | ||||||||||||||||
| 300 | 350 | 400 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 300 | 350 | 400 | ||
| Water content (wt%) | 19.3 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 9.2 | 5.0 | 12.0 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 13.0 | 16.6 |
| TAN | 150 | 28 | 31 | 52 | 56 | 50 | 70 | 62 | 52 | 56 | 28 | 47 | 55 | 77 | 73 | 58 |
| Viscosity (mm2/s) | 103 | 57 | 65 | 58 | 62 | 67 | 69 | 40 | 46 | 44 | 45 | 43 | 49 | 42 | 48 | 46 |
| Elemental analysis (dry basis, wt%) | ||||||||||||||||
| C | 42.9 | 67.7 | 65.3 | 68.7 | 60.5 | 62.7 | 64.0 | 62.6 | 68.1 | 67.6 | 56.9 | 59.7 | 60.3 | 58.0 | 66.8 | 65.4 |
| H | 7.1 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 9.9 |
| N | <0.1 | <0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | <0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| O | 49.9 | 24.7 | 26.1 | 22.6 | 29.5 | 27.4 | 27.3 | 29.0 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 33.6 | 31.6 | 30.6 | 34.1 | 25.1 | 24.7 |
| S | <0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| HHV | 13.7 | 28.2 | 28.1 | 31.2 | 26.5 | 27.8 | 27.9 | 24.3 | 28.3 | 27.9 | 23.8 | 22.4 | 23.5 | 22.6 | 25.1 | 24.7 |
| Degree of deoxygenation | - | 50.5 | 47.7 | 54.7 | 40.9 | 45.1 | 45.3 | 41.9 | 52.5 | 52.7 | 32.7 | 36.7 | 38.7 | 31.7 | 49.7 | 50.5 |