1. INTRODUCTION
Since the start of the wood pellet production in 2009, South Korea has seen its market continuously growing, including the completion of a factory in 2017 that can produce 300K-ton wood pellets per year (KEA, 2017). Meanwhile, the number of imported wood pellets also increased rapidly so that about 1.7M tons of wood pellets have been imported in 2016 from Vietnam, Malaysia, etc. (FBEA, 2017).
Along with the increasing amount of wood pellet use, the safety issues of wood pellets for producers, users, and environments have been raised by the EU (AEBIOM, 2013). Since 2010, there have been reports on hazardous gases, fires, and explosions during the use or production of wood pellets in the EU. Human and environmental risks caused by carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons, fine dust, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other hazards generated during the combustion of wood pellets have also been raised. Therefore, an international summit on the safety of wood pellets was first held in Fugen, Austria, in March 2013, where such problems and measures were discussed.
The “Act on the Sustainable Use of Wood” (KFS, 2018), established in May 2012, stipulates that when wood products are produced and sold, safety evaluations of these products shall be performed so that they would not cause physical and chemical damage to humans and environments. Based on the act, the “Wood Products Safety Evaluation Standards” (KFS, 2017) was announced in December 2014 (Table 1). For wood pellets, the standards stipulate that the permissible amount of cesium radioactivity, sulfur, chlorine, nitrogen, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc shall be determined and evaluated accordingly. Research in Korea on wood pellets have focused mainly on the manufacturing characteristics (Lee et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2015, Yang et al., 2017), and only a few studies have reported on the component analysis of wood pellets produced or currently distributed in the market in Korea (Kang et al., 2010, Nam et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2013).
However, to establish the standards for the safety evaluation of wood pellets, it is necessary to determine the current status of the quality of wood pellet products that are manufactured and distributed in Korea. As a preliminary survey for the public announcement of “Wood Product Safety Evaluation Standards”, Korea Forestry Promotion Institute analyzed the characteristics of wood pellets distributed in the Korean market from July to November 2013. Thus, the present study aims to propose the direction toward the revision of the safety evaluation standards by analyzing these results based on the “Wood Product Safety Evaluation Standards” and “Standard and Quality Criteria for Wood Pellets” which were announced later.
2. MATERIALS and METHODS
Wood pellets of 18 domestic and 33 imported were used as test specimens. These wood pellets were collected by the Korea Forest Service between July 2013 and November 2013.
Based on the methods described on the wood pellet quality standards announced by National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS) (NIFOS, 2017), nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine and inorganic components of wood pellets analyzed by the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute. Nitrogen was analysed with an element analyser, sulphur and chlorine were with ion chromatography, and inorganic substances with an inductively coupled plasma mass analyser.
The radioactivity from wood pellets was determined by measuring the radioactivity content (Bq/kg) of Cs-134, Cs-137, and I-131 nuclides using a gamma-ray spectroscope installed with a high-purity germanium detector by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute based on the HASL-300, Ga-01-R(1997) testing methods. The wood pellet used for the measurement was 500g and the duration was 86,000sec.
3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Most well-known hazardous material from nitrogen is nitrogen oxides (NOx), which is known to act as a precursor of ultrafine dust. Nitrogen oxides cause lung diseases, respiratory diseases, weaken immune functions, and the yearly death ratio by nitrogen oxides is estimated to be 2.18-34.5 per 100,000 people (ME, 2018).
Shown in Table 2 are the results of the nitrogen content measurement from wood pellets. The nitrogen content in domestic wood pellets was below the quality standard Grade 1 (≦0.3%) by NIFOS and the non-industry wood pellet quality standard Grade A1 (≦0.3%) by ISO (NIFOS, 2017; ISO, 2014). However, the nitrogen content in only 20 out of 35 imported wood pellets satisfied the Grade 1 by NIFOS and non-industrial Grade A1 by ISO. When the Grade 4 (≦1.0%) by NIFOS and non-industrial Grade B by ISO were applied, almost all imported wood pellets, except three products, satisfied the nitrogen content standards. Table 3.
(Unit: %) | ≦ 0.1 | ≦ 0.2 | ≦ 0.3 | ≦ 0.4 | ≦ 0.5 | ≦ 0.6 | ≦ 0.7 | > 1.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic | 2 | 13 | 3 | |||||
Imported | 2 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
The Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards stimulate that the allowable nitrogen content is 0.1% or below. However, the nitrogen content standard for the industrial wood pellet Grade I3 of ISO is set to 0.6% or below. In Korea, 95% of the total wood pellet usage is for generation-purpose wood pellets. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the allowable nitrogen content in the Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards.
Sulfur oxides (SOx), a generic name for compounds of oxygen and sulfur, are often produced as fossil fuels containing sulfur are burned. Sulfur oxides also act as a precursor of ultrafine dust and causes bronchitis, respiratory diseases and asthma, causing 16.6-26.1 deaths per 100,000 people per year (ME, 2018).
Shown in Table 4 are the measurement results of the sulfur content in wood pellets. The sulfur content in domestic wood pellets was shown to be below the Grade 1 of NIFOS (≦0.05%) and non-industrial wood pellet A1 Grade by ISO. However, only 30 out of 33 imported wood pellets satisfied the NIFOS and ISO standards. The results did not change even with the Grade 4 of NIFOS (≦0.05%) or B Grade by ISO (≦ 0.05%). The current wood pellet safety evaluation standards define the allowable sulfur content as 0.05% or lower, which needs to be revised.
(Unit: %) | ≦ 0.01 | ≦ 0.02 | ≦ 0.03 | ≦ 0.04 | ≦ 0.05 | ≦ 0.06 | ≦ 0.07 | > 0.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic | 16 | 2 | ||||||
Imported | 14 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
The combustion of organic compounds containing chlorine produces a compound called dioxin. Under unstable combustion at low temperature, more dioxin is produced. Dioxin is a carcinogen, causes problems in the immune system, changes the hormone control functions and is known to cause liver cancer.
Shown in Table 5 are the results of the chlorine content in wood pellets. The chlorine content in domestic wood pellets was below the Grade 1 of NIFOS (≦0.05%) and the non- industrial wood pellet Grade A1 (≦0.02%) by ISO. However, the chlorine content of 29 out of 33 imported wood pellets satisfied the Grade 1 by NIFOS and only 26 imported wood pellets satisfied Grade A1 by ISO. When the ISO Grade B (≦0.03%) was applied, 27 imported wood pellets satisfied the standards.
(Unit: %) | ≦ 0.01 | ≦ 0.02 | ≦ 0.03 | ≦ 0.04 | ≦ 0.05 | ≦ 0.06 | ≦ 0.07 | > 0.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic | 17 | 1 | ||||||
Imported | 22 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Currently, the Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards stipulate the allowable chlorine content to be 0.05% or lower. But the chlorine content in ISO non-industrial Grade B wood pellets is 0.03% or below, and Grade I3 is 0.1% or below. Therefore, new discussion on the chlorine tolerance of Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards is needed. Particularly, the chlorine content of domestic wood pellets is very low, but that of some imported wood pellets is still high so that there need safety measurement plans would be required.
Once in the body, heavy metal cannot be easily discharged, and cause serious problems as it is stored within the protein and causes side effects in the long term (Biedermann & Obernberger, 2005). If introduced in the body, mercury can be combined with hemoglobin, and hemoglobin loses the function of delivering oxygen. Lead paralyzes nerves and muscles, and cadmium can cause lung cancer and softens bones.
Table 6 and Table 7 show the measurements of heavy metal in wood pellets. In all heavy metal content measured, the domestic wood pellets showed very low content level way below the Grade 1 of NIFOS and the non-industrial wood pellet Grade A1 by ISO. In the case of the imported wood pellets, they satisfied the standards on copper, nickel, and zinc, but their cadmium, chrome, mercury, lead, arsenic content exceeded the standards.
Arsenic was not detected in any of the domestic products and any of the imported wood pellets, except one, which had 20 mg/kg of arsenic. Cadmium in all domestic products was below the Grade 1 by NIFOS (≦0.5 mg/kg) and non- industrial wood pellet Grade A1 by ISO (≦0.5 mg/kg). All imported wood pellets satisfied the standards, except one. Mercury was not detected in any of the domestic and imported goods except one, which had 10 mg/kg.
Meanwhile, the chrome, copper, lead, nickel and zinc content by pellet item showed that the copper, nickel and zinc content was very low in all domestic and imported wood pellets and satisfied the domestic and ISO standards. The chrome and lead content were very low in all domestic wood pellets and satisfied the domestic and ISO standards. While most of the imported wood pellets satisfied the standards, one item contained considerable amount of chrome and lead. Therefore, strict adjustment of the wood pellet safety standards for chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc is considered possible.
Particles or electromagnetic waves that are emitted as radioactive materials are decomposed cause chemical deformation of the DNA, resulting in cancer, birth of deformed children, anaemia, or leukaemia as well as the damage on the immune system (Do, 2011). Currently, the allowable radioactivity exposure limit per year is 1 mSv. During the X-ray filming, the radioactivity level is between 0.03 and 0.05 mSv; the exposure at between 1,000 and 2,000 mSv causes vomiting and nausea, and the exposure over 30,000 mSv results in seizure and convulsion and can lead to death.
In June 2009, Italy ordered a recall of 10,000 tons of wood pellets imported from Lithuania (Nuclear Power Daily, 2009) because 300Bq/kg of radioactive cesium (Cs-137) from wood pellets and 40,000Bq/kg from fly ash were detected. It was reported that this was due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident that had occurred in April 1986 then in the Soviet Union.
Japan Forestry Agency measured the radioactive cesium content in March 2012 after the Fukushima Nuclear Plant Accident, which showed that the radioactive cesium content in wood pellets sampled nationwide was 1-78 Bq/kg, and the radioactive cesium content in pellet fly ash was 770-7,400Bq/kg (Japan Forestry Agency, 2012). Also, a considerable amount of radioactive cesium was detected in the fly ash of wood pellets produced with European wood sawdust and subsequently, these wood pellets were recalled. In that case, it was believed that this was due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
On the other hand, a survey on the quality and distribution structure of wood pellets produced and distributed in the Korean market, conducted by Korea Forest Service in 2012, showed that some imported pellets from Japan showed cesium radioactivity (Han, 2012). Accordingly, Korea Forest Service announced the Radioactivity Preliminary Safety Standards in December 2012, where they prohibited the distribution of wood pellets which had radioactivity content over 40 Bq/kg and wood pellets of which fly ash had over 4,000 Bq/kg of radioactivity (KFS, 2012). Meanwhile, they announced that caution would be required for wood pellets with radioactivity content over 4Bq/kg and for processing fly ash which had over 400Bq/kg of radioactivity.
Shown in Table 8 are the results of radioactivity content in wood pellets distributed domestically. The radioactivity content in domestic wood pellets was shown to be below the minimal allowable detection limit whereas radioactive cesium was detected on those imported from Japan. Therefore, there is potential radioactive contamination with imported wood pellets depending on the origin, and the need for establishing the safety evaluation standards for artificial radioactive materials like cesium was raised (Han, 2013). Accordingly, in 2014, NIFOS provided the Wood Product Safety Evaluation Standards, and currently, the allowable amount of cesium radioactivity in wood pellets is defined to be below 30Bq/kg (NIFOS, 2017).
Type of wood pellet | Cs-134 (Bq/kg) | Cs-137 (Bq/kg) |
---|---|---|
A (domestic) | < 0.10 | < 0.13 |
B (domestic) | < 0.11 | < 0.11 |
C (domestic) | < 0.12 | < 0.17 |
D (Imported) | < 0.17 | 17.1 (1.8)1 |
4. CONCLUSION
The present study is a preliminary survey for the establishment of the Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards and analyzed the characteristics of wood pellets distributed domestically from July to November 2013. It examined the nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, heavy metal and cesium radioactivity content in wood pellets as potential materials hazardous in human bodies and environments.
The sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and heavy metal content in domestic wood pellets satisfied both the Grade 1 standards by NIFOS and non-industrial wood pellet Grade A1 by ISO. However, a number of imported wood pellets either exceeded the Grade 4 of NIFOS or Grade I3 by ISO in terms of the nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and heavy metal content. In terms of the wood pellet safety evaluation standards, the nitrogen content would need stricter standards, and in case of the sulfur and chlorine content, some revisions would be required.
While cesium radioactivity was not detected in domestic wood pellets, it was detected in imported wood pellets, which was below the allowable amount of cesium radioactivity stipulated in the Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards at 30Bq/kg. In the Wood Pellet Safety Evaluation Standards, determining the allowable amount of cesium radioactivity content would contribute to the radioactive-safe use of wood pellets.